Foundations and Trends® in Finance > Vol 8 > Issue 1

Should Banks' Stress Test Results be Disclosed? An Analysis of the Costs and Benefits

By Itay Goldstein, The Wharton School, University of Pennsylvania, USA, itayg@wharton.upenn.edu | Haresh Sapra, The University of Chicago Booth School of Business, USA, hsapra@ChicagoBooth.edu

 
Suggested Citation
Itay Goldstein and Haresh Sapra (2014), "Should Banks' Stress Test Results be Disclosed? An Analysis of the Costs and Benefits", Foundations and Trends® in Finance: Vol. 8: No. 1, pp 1-54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1561/0500000038

Publication Date: 11 Mar 2014
© 2014 I. Goldstein and H. Sapra
 
Subjects
Disclosure,  Financial reporting,  Corporate finance,  Financial markets,  Financial markets,  Economic Theory,  Economic Theory,  Regulation
 
Keywords
G10 Financial MarketsG01 Financial CrisesG18 Government Policy and RegulationG21 BanksG23 Non-bank Financial InstitutionsG32 Financial Risk and Risk Management
DisclosureFinancial reportingBank stress testRisk managementFinancial regulation
 

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In this article:
1. Introduction 
2. The Nature of Stress Tests and their Disclosure 
3. The Benefits of Disclosure 
4. Problems with Disclosure 
5. Policy Recommendations 
6. Conclusion 
Acknowlegements 
References 

Abstract

Stress tests have become an important component of the supervisory toolkit. However, the extent of disclosure of stress-test results remains controversial. We argue that while stress tests uncover unique information to outsiders — because banks operate in second--best environments with multiple imperfections — there are potential endogenous costs associated with such disclosure.

First, disclosure might interfere with the operation of the interbank market and the risk sharing provided in this market. Second, while disclosure might improve price efficiency and hence market discipline, it might also induce sub-optimal behavior in banks. Third, disclosure might induce ex post market externalities that lead to excessive and inefficient reaction to public news. Fourth, disclosure might also reduce traders' incentives to gather information, which reduces market discipline because it hampers the ability of supervisors to learn from market data for their regulatory actions.

Overall, we believe that disclosure of stress-test results is beneficial because it promotes financial stability. However, in promoting financial stability, such disclosures may exacerbate bank-specific inefficiencies. We provide some guidance on how such inefficiencies could be minimized.

DOI:10.1561/0500000038
ISBN: 978-1-60198-768-6
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Table of contents:
1. Introduction
2. The Nature of Stress Tests and their Disclosure
3. The Benefits of Disclosure
4. Problems with Disclosure
5. Policy Recommendations
6. Conclusion
Acknowlegements
References

Should Banks' Stress Test Results be Disclosed? An Analysis of the Costs and Benefits

Should Banks' Stress Test Results be Disclosed? An Analysis of the Costs and Benefits reviews the theoretical literature on disclosure, tying it to the recent policy debate on whether stress-test results should be disclosed. The authors review the nature of stress tests required by the Dodd-Frank act and conducted by the Federal Reserve, an important aspect of which is the public disclosure of the results. Then, it compares the arguments for and against the disclosure of banks' stress test results. While the rationale for disclosing stress test results may seem intuitive in the wake of the financial crisis, some argue that disclosing these results may actually have negative unintended consequences. Using insights from recent theoretical models, the authors provide a framework for understanding these negative unintended consequences.

The authors argue that the benefits of disclosing stress-test results are clear: stress tests may uncover unique information about banks allowing both bank supervisors and market participants to exercise discipline on the bank's behavior. But because banks operate in second-best environments that are prone to externalities, there are inherent costs associated with such disclosures, and proper understanding of the sources of these costs would better inform the debate and guide regulators when designing stress tests and handling the disclosures.

Should Banks' Stress Test Results be Disclosed? An Analysis of the Costs and Benefits is organized as follows. After a brief introduction, Section 2 reviews the nature of stress tests and considers the unique information they provide to outsiders. Section 3 explains how disclosures of stress tests could provide regulatory and market discipline, and the positive impact such discipline may have on economic efficiency. The main section, Section 4, provides an in-depth review of the possible costs of disclosure. Building on the previous section, Section 5 shows that there are non-trivial trade-offs associated with disclosure of stress-test result, and provides several policy recommendations for regulators regarding test design and disclosure of results. Section 6 concludes by reiterating the need for the development of a framework that captures the combined effects on all banks, and the challenge this poses for academics and policy makers.

 
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